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Hugh Miller (1802-1856)

Hugh Miller  (1802-1856)

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Facts
Birth date
10.10.1802
Death Date
24.12.1856
Age of Death
54
Birth Place
Cromarty
Death Place
Portobello, Edinburgh
Zodiac Sign
Libra
IQ Score
155
Fields of Expertise
Geology
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Life itself is a school, and Nature always a fresh study.

Hugh Miller was a self-taught Scottish geologist and writer, folklorist and an evangelical Christian.

Life and work

Miller was born in Cromarty, the first of three children of Harriet Wright bap. 1780, d. 1863 and Hugh Miller bap. 1754, d. 1807, a shipmaster in the coasting trade. Both parents were from trading and artisan families in Cromarty. His father died in a shipwreck in 1807, and he was brought up by his mother and uncles. He was educated in a parish school where he reportedly showed a love of reading. At 17 he was apprenticed to a stonemason, and his work in quarries, together with walks along the local shoreline, led him to the study of geology. In 1829 he published a volume of poems, and soon afterwards became involved in political and religious controversies, first connected to the Reform Bill, and then with the division in the Church of Scotland which led to the Disruption of 1843.

In 1834 he became accountant in one of the local banks, and in the next year brought out his Scenes and Legends in the North of Scotland. In 1837 he married the children's author Lydia Mackenzie Falconer Fraser. In 1840 the popular party in the Church, with which he had been associated, started a newspaper, the Witness, and Miller was called to be editor in Edinburgh, a position which he retained till the end of his life. He was an influential writer and speaker in the early Free Church. From 1846 he was joined at "The Witness" by Rev James Aitken Wylie.

Hugh Miller

Among his geological works are The Old Red Sandstone 1841, Footprints of the Creator 1850, The Testimony of the Rocks 1857, Sketch-book of Popular Geology. Of these books, perhaps The Old Red Sandstone was the best known. The Old Red Sandstone is still a term used to collectively describe sedimentary rocks deposited as a result of the Caledonian orogeny in the late Silurian, Devonian and earliest part of the Carboniferous period.

Miller held that the Earth was of great age, and that it had been inhabited by many species which had come into being and gone extinct, and that these species were homologous; although he believed the succession of species showed progress over time, he did not believe that later species were descended from earlier ones. He denied the Epicurean theory that new species occasionally budded from the soil, and the Lamarckian theory of development of species, as lacking evidence. 

Fossils of Hughmilleria socialis

He argued that all this showed the direct action of a benevolent Creator, as attested in the Bible – the similarities of species are manifestations of types in the Divine Mind; he accepted the view of Thomas Chalmers that Genesis begins with an account of geological periods, and does not mean that each of them is a day; Noah's Flood was a limited subsidence of the Middle East. Geology, to Miller, offered a better version of the argument from design than William Paley could provide, and answered the objections of sceptics, by showing that living species did not arise by chance or by impersonal law.

In a biographical review about him, he was recognized as an exceptional person by Sir David Brewster, who said of him:

Mr. Miller is one of the few individuals in the history of Scottish science who have raised themselves above the labors of an humble profession, by the force of their genius and the excellence of their character, to a comparatively high place in the social scale.

Illness and death

For most of 1856, Miller suffered severe headaches and mental distress, and the most probable diagnosis is of psychotic depression. Victorian medicine did not help. He feared that he might harm his wife or children because of persecutory delusions.

Miller committed suicide, shooting himself in the chest with a revolver in his house, Shrub Mount, Portobello, on the night of 23/24 December 1856. That night he had finished checking printers' proofs for his book on geology and Christianity, The Testimony of the Rocks. Before his death, he wrote a poem called Strange but True. He died on 24 December 1856.

Bust of Miller by William Brodie in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery

His funeral procession, attended by thousands, was amongst the largest in the memory of Edinburgh residents.

He is buried in the Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh. His is a simple red granite monument on the north boundary wall, close to the northwest corner.

His son Hugh Miller FRSE 1850-1896, who was six years old when his father killed himself, lies on his left side.

Legacy

Miller's death was tragic, and his life brief, but he left a heritage of new discoveries of several Silurian sea scorpions the eurypterid genus Hughmilleria was named in his honour, and many Devonian fishes, including several placoderms the arthrodire Millerosteus also honoured him, described in his popular books. Though he had no academic credentials, he is today considered one of Scotland's premier palaeontologists.

Miller's wife Lydia played a major role in editing and securing posthumous publication of compilations as books of many of his Witness articles and public addresses, thus gaining for him a continued wider readership for another 50 years after his death. His second daughter, Harriet Miller Davidson was a published poet who married a clergyman after her father's suicide. She moved to Adelaide where her husband was a minister and she published poems and stories in both countries about temperance and of daughters left by inspirational fathers.

The grave of Hugh Miller, Grange Cemetery

There is a bust of Hugh Miller in the Hall of Heroes at the Wallace Monument in Stirling. His home in Cromarty is open as a geological museum, with specimens collected in the immediate area; a weekend event at the site in 2008 was part of celebrations marking the bicentenary of the Geological Society of London.

The Hugh Miller Trail starts at a small car park on a minor road just past Eathie Mains, about 3 miles 4.8 km south of Cromarty, and leads about 1 mile 1.6 km down a steep slope through woodland to the foreshore at Eathie Haven on the Moray Firth, where Miller began collecting fossils. It was here that he found his first fossil ammonite, in Jurassic rocks. The haven was originally a salmon fishing station, and a former fishermen's bothy, open to the public, has a display board about the geology of the area and Miller's fossil discoveries.

The BP-operated Miller oilfield in the North Sea was named after Hugh Miller. Hugh Miller Place, a street in the Stockbridge Colonies area of Edinburgh, is named in his honour.

The Friends of Hugh Miller are a charity set up to celebrate and promote his legacy, and encourage the study and practice of the earth sciences in the 21st Century in Miller's name. Since 2015 the bi-annual Hugh Miller Writing Competition has been held, with entries inspired by Miller and related themes.

Main works

Biographies

  • The Life of Hugh Miller - A Sketch for Working Men 1862 The Compiler Northern Daily Express
  • The Life and Letters of Hugh Miller by Peter Bayne 1871 Volume 1, Volume 2
  • Life of Hugh Miller 1880
  • Hugh Miller - A Critical Study 1905
  • Peter Bayne, The Life and Letters of Hugh Miller 2 vols, 1871
  • Anderson, Lyall I. 2005. Hugh Miller: introducing palaeobotany to a wider audience. In: Bowden, A. J., Burek, C. V. & Wilding, R. eds. History of Palaeobotany: Selected Essays. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 241, 63 – 90.
  • This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William 1910. A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via Wikisource.

More facts

Gender: Male
Best Known For: One of Scotland's most influential Victorian palaeontologists
Fulfilled his Potential: Yes
Number of spouses: 1
First Marriage To: Lydia Mackenzie Falconer Miller
Children: 4
Children names: Harriet Miller Davidson
Father’s Name: Hugh Miller
Father’s Occupation: Shipmaster
Mother’s Name: Harriet Wright
Mother’s Occupation: Writer
Citizen Of: United Kingdom
Autodidact: Yes
Museums: Hugh Miller's Birthplace
Discussion
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Hugh Miller
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